THE IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL REPORTING DURING PRIVATIZATION: TURKISH CASE

Privatization has been on a lot of countries’ agenda, especially for the emergingcountries for a long time. In Turkey, as an emerging country, privatization plan has been a veryhigh priority among the State Budget income items for three decades. To identify and to explore theaccounting role in privatization is the critical issue for the countries under privatization process. Inthis study, the importance of financial reporting during privatization process is examined. Theoverall responsibility of accounting in privatization is to develop investor confidence to channel theflows of funds and to ensure the effective and efficient use of capital funds. Therefore, without asound accountancy framework, the privatization process would not generate the desired long termeconomic, social, and financial development results. Therefore, we analyzed the period of Turkishprivatization experience by underlying the importance of financial reporting in this process. Forthis purpose, in the first part of the study, we defined the privatization and argued the positive andnegative opinions about it. In the second part, we clarified the role of accounting in privatizationprocess under disclosure, transitional problems, training, valuation problems, and inflationaccounting subsections. In the third part, we discussed the recent accounting developments whichmay effects privatization in Turkey. In the fourth part, we summarized the implementation ofprivatization in Turkey. Then, we mentioned the key issues in privatization process for emergingeconomies. Based on the Turkey’s privatization practices, financial reporting has a very importantrole in the SOE’s privatization process. In our point of view, since accounting has an importantrole in privatization, this role takes place before, during and also after the privatization. It shouldbe taken into consideration that the main objective of privatization is not only to privatize SOE’s,but also keep the sustainability of privatized SOE’s. While privatization creates sources for newinvestments of the governments, it should support the effectiveness and economics of goods andservices in the area of privatization. So the sustainability of privatized companies is very importantas well as their sales. All of the above purposes can be controlled by solely accounting.privatization, accounting, financial reporting, emerging economies, state owned enterprises

New Christian Epitaphs from Yozgat

From the 1920’s onwards in Yozgat and its vicinity in the interior of Asia Minor field surveys and excavations have been increasingly undertaken. One recent project is an archaeological survey of the whole province of Yozgat which began in 2017 with the participation of many academics from different universities and disciplines. Through this survey, which covers a large area, research in just a few regions has been completed. In this article, seventeen Christian epitaphs discovered at and around the village of Güneşli (east of Tavium), Aydıncık, Basilika Therma (Sarıkaya) and Çayıralan, mostly dating from the Vth–VIth centuries A.D. are presented. Three of them are fragmentary and a few are badly damaged. A carved bilingual Latin/Greek inscription records the «running» metaphor frequently employed by the Apostle Paul, all the other inscriptions introduced are Greek. There are interesting differences and analogies for the motifs on these gravestones and for the formulas employed in the epitaphs within the surrounding region. ****** Yozgat İlinden Yeni Hıristiyan Mezar Yazıtları Yozgat ve çevresindeki arkeoloji yüzey araştırmaları ve kazılar çalışmaları 1920’li yıllardan itibaren artış göstererek devam etmektedir. Bu bağlamda son projelerden bir tanesi de farklı üniversitelerden ve disiplinlerden pek çok akademisyenin katılımıyla 2017 yılında başlatılan ve Yozgat ilinin tamamını kapsayan arkeolojik yüzey araştırmalarıdır. Tüm il sınırlarını kapsayan bu araştırmadaki sistematik çalışmalar bazı bölgelerde tamamlanmış durumdadır. Makalede ise Güneşli Köyü, Aydıncık, Sarıkaya ve Çayıralan’da bulunan ve çoğunluğu MS V.–VI. yüzyıllara tarihlenen Hıristiyan mezar yazıtları tanıtılmaktadır. Yazıtlarının bir kısmı sadece fragman halinde ele geçmişken, bazıları ise oldukça tahrip olmuş durumdadır. Bunlardan birisinin üzerine, Aziz Paulus’un sıkça dile getirdiği «koşmak» metaforu Latince ve Yunanca çift dilli olarak kazınmıştır. Diğer yazıtların tamamı Yunancadır. Söz konusu mezar taşları üzerindeki betimlemelerin ve mezar yazıtlarındaki formüllerin bölgeler arasındaki farklılıkları ise ilgi çekicidir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Yozgat, Tavium, Hıristiyan Mezar Yazıtı, Koşucu, Aziz Paulus, Bizans Epigrafis

DIE BEWERTUNG DES CURRICULUMS DER TÜRKISCHEN SPRACHE AN DER UNIVERSITÄT JAGIELLONIAN IN POLEN: EINE FALLSTUDIE

Turkish is becoming more essential in education as well as in daily life due to the vital role it plays in communication chains throughout the world. As the prevalence of the Turkish language grows, Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language also grows as a field of education. The Turkish language curriculum needs to meet the demands of the changing world and teach Turkish effectively. This study aims to evaluate the curriculum of Turkish language courses at Jagiellonian University in Krakow by examining the students’ views about it. Evaluation means the systematic collection and analysis of all relevant information necessary to promote the improvement of the curriculum and to assess the effectiveness and weakness of foreign language teaching. Students’ expectations and needs are a central consideration in designing the course, so the curriculum should be developed according to the needs and the expectations of the learners. If teachers do not know their students’ needs, developing a curriculum becomes challenging, causing many problems in learning and teaching foreign languages. The term "curriculum” denotes the principles and procedures for the planning, implementation, evaluation, and management of an educational program. In this study, the term "curriculum” refers specifically to the Turkish Language course. In this case study, a Likert-scale questionnaire with four options was administered to 33 Polish university students learning Turkish as a foreign language. In analyzing the data, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 11.5) was used. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques, including frequencies and percentages. The study concludes with recommendations for the instructors at Jagiellonian University regarding designing their curriculum and syllabi and choosing their course materials. The recommendations of this study will also help Turkish language program designers assess the effectiveness of the current Turkish language curriculum.Zahvaljujući svojoj ključnoj ulozi u komunikacijskom lancu diljem svijeta turski jezik dobiva sve više na važnosti kako u obrazovanju tako i u svakodnevnom životu. Budući da je učestalost korištenja turskoga jezika sve veća, nastava turskoga kao stranoga jezika kao obrazovnoga područja također se sve više proširuje. Plan i program nastave turskoga jezika mora učinkovito odgovoriti potrebama svijeta promjena. Ovim se istraživanjem putem ispitivanja mišljenja studenata nastojao ocijeniti plan i program nastave turskoga jezika na Sveučilištu Jagellonian u Krakowu. Pod ocjenom Fatih Yilmaz: Evaluating the Turkis language curriculum… Život i škola, br. 25 (1/2011.), god. 57., str. 76. - 90. 89 se podrazumijeva sustavno prikupljanje i analiza svih relevantnih podataka potrebnih za poboljšanje nastavnoga plana i programa i vrednovanje učinkovitosti, ali i manjkavosti poučavanja stranoga jezika. Očekivanja i potrebe studenata ključni su za izradu kolegija, stoga i nastavni plan i program valja razvijati u skladu s tim potrebama i očekivanjima. Ukoliko nastavnici nisu upoznati s potrebama svojih učenika, izrada nastavnoga plana i programa je otežana, stvarajući tako mnoštvo problema u učenju i poučavanju stranoga jezika. Pojam «nastavni plan i program» označava načela i postupke planiranja, provedbe, ocjene i upravljanja obrazovnim programom. U ovom se istraživanju pojam «nastavni plan i program» odnosi konkretno na nastavu turskoga jezika. U ovoj su analizi slučaja ispitana 33 poljska studenta turskoga kao stranoga jezika i to putem upitnika s Likertovom ljestvicom, u kojem su bila ponuđena četiri odgovora. Pri analizi podataka korišten je statistički paket za analizu podataka u području društvenih znanosti (SPSS 11.5). Podaci su analizirani tehnikama deskriptivne statistike, uključujući učestalost i postotke. U zaključku istraživanja predavačima na Sveučilištu Jagellonian daju se preporuke vezane uz izradu nastavnoga plana i programa, sadržaja samog kolegija i odabira nastavnoga materijala. Preporuke iz ovoga istraživanja također će pomoći izrađivačima programa poučavanja turskoga jezika pri ocjeni učinkovitosti postojećega plana i programa nastave toga jezika.Die türkische Sprache wird immer wichtiger, sowohl in der Bildung als auch im alltäglichen Leben, dank ihrer zentralen Rolle in der Kommunikationskette in der Welt. Da Türkisch immer mehr gebraucht wird, verbreitet sich auch das Unterrichten des Türkischen als Fremdsprache als ein wachsender Bildungsbereich. Das Curriculum des Türkischen muss den Bedürfnissen der sich ständig verändernden Welt effektiv entsprechen. Mit Hilfe der Meinungsforschung an Studenten hat diese Arbeit zum Ziel das Curriculum des Türkischen an der Universität Jagiellonian in Krakow zu bewerten. Die Bewertung schließt folgende Faktoren ein: systematisches Einsammeln und Analyse aller relevanten Daten, die für die Verbesserung des Curriculums sowie die Bewertung der Wirksamkeit erforderlich sind, aber auch die Nachteile der Fremdsprachendidaktik. Die Erwartungen und Bedürfnisse der Studenten spielen bei der Kursgestaltung eine zentrale Rolle und das Curriculum sollte deshalb so entwickelt werden, dass es den Bedürfnissen und Erwartungen der Studierenden entspricht. Falls die Lehrer jedoch die Bedürfnisse ihrer Studierenden nicht kennen, wird die Entwicklung des Curriculums eine Herausforderung sein, sowie die Ursache vieler Probleme beim Fremdsprachenlernen und Unterrichten. Der Begriff “Curriculum” bezeichnet Grundsätze und Vorgehensweisen für die Planung, Durchführung, Bewertung und Leitung eines Bildungsprogramms. In dieser Fatih Yilmaz: Evaluating the Turkis language curriculum… Život i škola, br. 25 (1/2011.), god. 57., str. 76. - 90. 90 Untersuchung bezieht sich der Begriff “Curriculum” ausdrücklich auf den Türkischkurs. In dieser Fallstudie wurden 33 polnische Universitätsstudenten untersucht, die Türkisch als Fremdsprache lernen, anhand von einem Fragebogen mit einer vierstufigen Likert-Skala. Bei der Datenanalyse wurde der Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 11.5) gebraucht. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte mit Hilfe von Techniken der deskriptiven Statistik, einschließlich Frequenzen und Prozentsätze. Die Schlussfolgerung der Untersuchung enthält Empfehlungen für die Lehrkräfte der Jagiellonian Universität bezüglich der Curriculum- und Syllabusgestaltung und der Wahl der Kursmaterialien. Die Empfehlungen dieser Untersuchung werden auch den Gestaltern der türkischen Sprachprogramme helfen die Wirksamkeit des gegenwärtigen Curriculums dieser Sprache zu bewerten. Schl

Estate accounting as a public policy tool and its application in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century.

Este estudio pretende informar sobre la contabilidad sucesoria en el Imperio Otomano, presentando una muestra originaria del siglo XVII. En el Imperio Otomano, la contabilidad sucesoria y la liquidación de herencias servía para mantener el orden social, asegurando la pervivencia de las deudas cuando una de las partes fallecía, así como el debido pago a terceros con derecho a bienes pertenecientes al patrimonio objeto de la herencia. The objective of this study is to give information about estate accounting in the Ottoman Empire and present a sample from the 17th century. In the Ottoman Empire estate accounting and settlement served to maintain social order by ensuring the continuation of debt-credit relationship even when one of the parties died and also by ensuring the rightful discharge of estates between those with rights to the estate.Imperio Otomano, historia de la contabilidad, siglo XVII, contabilidad sucesoria. Ottoman Empire, accounting history, 17th century, estate accounting.

Hessenberg matrices and the Pell and Perrin numbers

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the Pell sequence and the Perrin sequence and we derive some relationships between these sequences and permanents and determinants of one type of Hessenberg matrices

A Cyclical Model of Exchange Rate Volatility

In this paper, we investigate the long run dynamics of the intraday range of the GBP/USD, JPY/USD and CHF/USD exchange rates. We use a non-parametric filter to extract the low frequency component of the intraday range, and model the cyclical deviation of the range from the long run trend as a stationary autoregressive process. We find that the long run trend is time-varying but highly persistent, while the cyclical component is strongly mean reverting. This has important implications for modelling and forecasting volatility over both short and long horizons. As an illustration, we use the cyclical volatility model to generate out-of-sample forecasts of exchange rate volatility for horizons of up to one year under the assumption that the long run trend is fully persistent. As a benchmark, we compare the forecasts of the cyclical volatility model with those of the two-factor intraday range-based EGARCH model of Brandt and Jones (2006). Not only is the cyclical volatility model significantly easier to estimate than the EGARCH model, but it also offers a substantial improvement in out-of-sample forecast performance.Conditional volatility, Intraday range, Hodrick-Prescott filter